Tens of millions of Americans rely on medical devices and implants to improve their quality of life. It’s an underlying assumption that those same devices have been tested for safety and effectiveness.  Consumer Reports says that’s typically not the case. “For most implants and other high-risk devices brought to market, manufacturers do nothing more than file some paperwork and pay the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) a user fee of roughly $4,000 to start selling a product that can rack up many millions of dollars in revenue.” As a result, most medical implants have never been